Is it Time to go to 9v9 in Australian Football Juniors and Youth? Yes!!! But, It'll be Hard, Part 1

Note: The following large series of 'Blog' posts are inspired by the criticism I earned from a president of a large, wealthy nation's AFL movement, who is a member of 'Grassroots Coaching and Consulting Group', started by me.  It features inspiring teachers from all around the world.  He is presently barred from the group for a week.  Not because of a differing opinion, but because he refused to even read the research that I provided...  Below is the link to the group which features practitioners and researchers from all sports!!!   Feel free to join! 

https www.facebook.com/groups/147501649318126/about/

My previous post on the cultural heritage of, and including, my reflections on 'lines' and 'lane-work' in Australian football coaching was shared, liked and commented on, by many great teachers within the AFL community on LinkedIn.  However, in a sharing and learning group I host called 'Grassroots Coaching and Consulting', whilst it also attracted strong support, it also received the only dissent from the Head of AFL, in one of the corporsation's most prized outposts:

Dissenter: Lots of criticism in here, not much by way of tangible solutions.

Gunny: Well, I've provided plenty before this... (In any case) I'm not going to provide any real solutions because 'cultural' change systemic is needed which requires a flipped funding model and a revolution. It won't happen but...

Now before I begin this series, we must consider context fellow learners:

1) I am not picking on Australian football. All of the major sports in Australia are operating through much cultural 'mythology' that goes against current research.

2) I am a teacher and thus an advocate for social justice.  As such, I ask lots of question around assumptions and behaviours as a critical learner.

3) The above (point '2'), is amplified by ten fold within me when compared to the passion of most teachers because of my unique life journey.  However, I, and many of my peers recognise that these experiences were the making of my abilities to connect with young people.  As such, I am very clear and open about my biases in beliefs that sport and PE can save lives, if, done well.  Thus, as an educator, I fight for it to be done better... 

Provocation peers: Do you even know why you coach the way you do???  Kirk (1998), or, Moy and Renshaw (2009), suggest drills come from the military.  PE adopted this in places like Australia, the USA and UK which influenced sport. 

However, over many years I have had students at one university from Norway.  They have never been taught this way.  In fact, I have to teach teach them closed drills and explain it all so they understand the small sided games or other approaches we try to teach them as 'alternatives'.  Now, I'm just working out technology this year, but in future, I might just show them the below contrasting 'drills'.

Provocation peers: Why have the other country's methods, or indeed Australia's Game Sense (Den Duyn, 1997) not taken off in countries like Australia.  Well, Julian North and friends (2016) plus many other researchers (Chris Cushion or Wade Gilbert are favourites of mine) suggest that any intervention or change in coaching, firstly, not only requires greater support and resources, but secondly, also needs sports or nations to understand contexts. 

For example, Lawrie Woodman, who ran AFL coaching up until this year, sent me a document on 'grids' (not lines), that was used to educate PE teachers in Australian football at the University of Western Australia in 1977.  Email me coachgunny@craiggunn.org or Lawrie (can be found on Twitter or LinkedIn) for a copy, because it's an amazing tool for today's coaches in the sport!!! 

Now, as a teacher, but a biased rugby league man, I wonder why it wasn't taken up (before TGfU, or, Game Sense), and ponder, if it's because: Australian football is a Victorian game... because it was too hard to control chaos... or, coaches were and still are time poor... etc??? 

At least I ask the questions.  Unfortunately, Gunn and Pill (2017) discovered either way, that AFL coaches (even experienced ones) do not reflect deeply enough before planning.  Email me again if you'd like to see an example of my planning with the thoughts and questions that must happen beforehand.

Speaking of rugby league, please see the Brisbane Broncos ladies join my kids and cousins for a bit of Touch Footy.  Stuff like this, is certainly why I love women's sports so much!!!

In closing today (I did try to keep it short), the reason I showed this footage is because it shows us how us 'older' folk learnt in the old days.  Great Australian football coach, Denis Pagan (2008) once pondered if the above type of environment was why Indigenous players are so good = making decisions, exploring etc... 

As for 9v9... This communication below, demonstrates how I feel.  I believe it's a massive step in the right direction (sent and kindly agreed with bya 'top brass' member of AFL corp).  It was a 'parting gift' before I head back to the 'rugger codes', but, I stress that it must happen and will too! 

"… My experience as a PE teacher who actually gets kids properly moving knows that 9v9 at juniors will quieten down the angst and brutality of players and adults. The kids will be too stuffed... The adults will just be trying to keep up with the action... (As well)… Your coaching woes and umpiring woes will be lessened because both will be far easier.  The kids will almost 'ref' themselves."

A Gunny anecdote is now needed to illustrate this.  It  features me and a Level II, U/14 coach and former great player (of some repute) who asked me how to improve his training...

Gunny: Well you need small sided games mate.  In fact the whole game of AFL from U/12 boys etc up, needs smaller fields and fewer players.

Coach: I get it Gunny... Everybody gets a prize hey? (as he walks off and doesn't turn back...)

Gunny: But... I'm talking about more touches of the ball!!!

To be continued...

BUT: (look up Pill or Reynolds where this has been done in Australian footy)...

Don't forget PD at the PUB, September 13 Sandgate, Queensland where this will be explored with the great Kelvin Giles.  Email me!

Sponsored by Silver Donator: 'CrossFit 4017' with proceeds going to 'Heart of Australia'

Yours in learning,

Gunny

Thanks Bel and amazing team!!!

Coaching PD at the PUB - Featuring the Legendary Kelvin Giles

Put Kids First – The HEART of Sports Teaching

“Australia has only about 300,000 nine-year-olds. The nation can't afford to lose any,” Mr Giles said.

“Once we know how people learn things - that should be the way we coach them.”

Hi learning peers, Coach Gunny Grassroots Consulting (me), is pleased to invite all caring adults to 'Coaching PD at the Pub' with Kelvin Giles, Mr. Henderson's Sandgate, Thursday, September 13, 6pm-7:30pm.  100 attendees only and filling fast.  $20 per ticket gets a drink and nibbles.  All money donated to 'Heart of Australia.  Thanks to Mr. Henderson's, Movement Dynamics Consultancy and Dr Gert-Jan Pepping of Australian Catholic University for supporting.  Also, thanks to our first 'Silver' sponsor and wonderful local business, Bel and team from Cross Fit 4017 for their amazing donation to the Heart of Australia medical service.  Please find links to all who have made this possible:

https://www.movementdynamics.com/  Kelvin Giles

http://www.acu.edu.au/about_acu/faculties,_institutes_and_centres/health_sciences/behavioural_and_health_sciences/courses/postgraduate_programs/high_performance_sport/our_high_performance_sport_experts/gert_jan_pepping  Gert-Jan Pepping

http://mrhenderson.com.au/  Supporting Venue

https://www.heartofaustralia.com/  All funds going to this important medical service

"Engaging children and putting the ‘heart’ back into their sport coaching,” Mr Gunn said.

Coaching PD at the PUB

Do you want an informal evening of professional learning in a pub? Then this workshop offers loads of practical personal development in laid back surroundings. Hone your coaching and parenting skills, hear from world renowned presenters, enjoy a beverage and have fun!

This will be an opportunity to dream of better sporting kids’ outcomes and network with others. The exciting opportunity presents world’s best coaching theory but also provide practical support and practical guidance for coaches, trainers, teachers and care-givers in any fields, to: 
‘Put Kids First – The HEART of Sports Teaching’!
 
This sharing event is facilitated by enthusiastic Brisbane coach Craig Gunn “Coach Gunny” and involves amazing research discussion from Dr. Gert-Jan Pepping, Australian Catholic University, plus, practical yarns from legendary ground-breaking coach, Kelvin Giles. The collaborative inspiration fostered provides educators a platform to work together and help develop and retain our young people as physical learners for life! Together as learners we have the resources and structure to support you in fostering young people and organisations address youth drop-out through ‘real’ engagement.

Over his storied career Mr Giles has been the Head Coach of both the English and Australian Track and Field teams, the Director of Performance at the Brisbane Broncos, Director of Strength and Conditioning at the Queensland Academy of Sport and the head of Australian Rugby Union’s Elite Player Development.  However, Giles who was recently judged one of the most influential figures in the Bronco’s 30-year history, has urged a re-think of engagement measures for children to address falling participation in physical activity.

“Australia has only about 300,000 nine-year-olds. The nation can't afford to lose any,” Mr Giles said.

“Once we know how people learn things - that should be the way we coach them.”
Other speakers at the event would include Dr Gert-Jan Pepping, Deputy Head of Exercise Science at Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, himself a known educator in the youth and athlete development space.

Mr Gunn said the event was not targeted at a particular sport but would talk about the principles of, “engaging children and putting the ‘heart’ back into their sport coaching.”  

Hope to see you there!!!

Coaching PD at the Pub! 6-7.30pm, Thursday 13 September 2018 (5:30pm for a 6pm start) Mr Henderson, 69 Brighton Road, Sandgate Cost: $20 (includes large drink and nibbles) All money raised will be donated to Heart of Australia

RSVP & sponsorship inquiry: Craig 0431311070, coachgunny@craiggunn.org

100 tickets only

Deposits made with ‘PD’ to CBA “CC and TM Gunn” BSB064175 A/c 1021 9559

Thanks MOST importantly to our amazing SILVER sponsor, CrossFit 4017!!! 

https://www.crossfit4017.com.au/

About Us

CrossFit 4017 is located in Sandgate, North Brisbane, on the bay. We are 20 mins from Brisbane airport and 30 mins from Brisbane CBD.

CrossFit 4017 Vision:

To be the most inclusive and supportive CrossFit affiliate.

CrossFit 4017 Mission:

Provide professional coaching and world-class programming to support every level of fitness, its development and maintenance.

What does this mean?

·         If you’re a long term Crossfitter,  we can support you on your continued Crossfit journey of life long health and fitness or competition aspirations (We have additional programming for competitive athletes) 

·         If your are new to CrossFit we can provide you with a welcoming inclusive, community environment to kick start your health goals and CrossFit journey

·         If you have pre-existing injuries we can assist you with your rehab

·         If you have weight lose goals we can kick start your journey

CrossFit 4017 reflects the wider 4017 community in its unique bayside feel. It’s like a small town atmosphere in a modern city setting.

We draw our knowledge and experience from the best and come with a life time of passion, experience and knowledge in healthy training and competitive training.

We look forward to meeting you soon.

Happy learning and sharing communities are the best for the future of our kids!!! (Coach Gunny)

Yours in learning, caring and sharing, Coach Gunny

AFL coaching: Have we moved beyond the practice of the legendary Ron Barassi yet?

Dear coaching and learning peers, Are we still stuck in the black and white era when it comes to coaching in this country?  I think so...

Ron Barassi - a legend of Australian football!

Funny how my coach development sharing is far more popular in UK and Ireland rugby coaching communities than in Australian football?  No, not really, as they are prepared to try things a little differently!  Move into the colour television era... Whilst we in Australian football, coaching remains in the throes of the past... As I will explain.

I have the 1981 version of this cracker!!!

'The Coach' by John Powers (1978) is a wonderful read regarding the amazing character of Ron Barassi.  I am from Queensland, so most of the coaches I grew up knowing as legends weren't named Barassi, Hafey, Sheedy, Matthews, Cahill and the like, but as a lover of coaching and new to the 'national game', these legends allow me to understand the unique coaching styles that don't make sense to somebody like me from a 'rugger' coaching background.

Exhibit 'A' below...

This photo has special significance in my Australian football coaching journey!

Mentioned previously in posts by me, was how three years ago, some brave leaders of Australian football approached me and asked if I could present something to their staff on Game Sense.  I remember saying at the time that if you want coaching improvement you might need to look at some cultural change strategy!  In any case, I knew that the coaches would be used to and probably over-relied on 'closed' drills, as are most coaches in this country, in any sport.  Hence, I 'googled' "AFL drills", and, the above picture caught my eye. 

My first question to myself was, "Isn't AFL a 360 degree game?"  Thus, later when I was invited at a Level One (where I too was getting my certificate) to present on 'Game Sense', the first thing I asked them was, "How come you coaches are getting your players ready for rugby league?"  I thrust my two arms in front of me and said, "Two lines, facing each other... Makes no sense to me!"  I haven't been invited back to present 'Game Sense' again obviously...

Exhibit B below:

The line-up and wait: source - 'Coach Assist'

After I made my rugby league comments to the Level 1 group mentioned above, I told them the following anecdotes that happened within 16 hours of each other:

1) After my u/11 girls finished their 45 minutes of games centred learning on Friday night, I then had to wait 45 minutes for my other daughter to finish her 90 minute U/13 session.  The second last activity had the experienced coach holding one solitary tackle bag and had the 15 girls lined up waiting for their turn whilst he followed the AFL promotes SPIR method well on tackling 'technique'.   In other words, 20 seconds of 'I' for instruction, whilst the waiting young women got better at cartwheels and the like.

So that I had some anecdotal information for the presentation I was about to give at AFLQ, I asked the three parents I was standing with: "What are they learning here?"

The librarian and saxophone player who gigs regularly (must know a little about feel and rhythm) said: "They are learning that bags are soft and do not move."

The engineer (very animated) said: "They are learning how to make a straight line - that's pretty straight!"

The plumber who spent 20 years in the army with his trade said: "They are learning discipline." 

"You were rightI" I nodded to the plumber when his answer was indeed confirmed when the girls finished the session with two laps...

2) The next morning I coached rugby union and had a boy from Normanton (remote Queensland)in my team.  The boys in his team and against him, had never seen footwork like his before, let alone his decision making. 

At one point, he was confronted by four defenders in front of him at the tryline and due to his skills and speed, he had run away from his trailing (long way back) support.  

Now, most high school kids or adults when faced with this situation, would engage the defence and try to fight and keep on their feet, until the support arrived, or, throw a wildly long pass back and across.  Not him though - he took the smart decision and ran backwards and across to his support and we scored in two phases.  This is rarely seen ever at an U/15 schoolboy level...  

I asked him about it after, and, he could clearly explain his decision. 

What perceptual awareness!  What skill!  

When do we learn this in ordered columns waiting for a turn?

That awareness develops usually by being allowed to play and create... No lines!!!  This was my message to the Level One coaches from these two vastly contrasting learning moments!  

Exhibit C below - AFL 'line' coaching:

One of my 'favourites' for strange is 'line' coaching...

To explain this, we best get another Gunny anecdote:

Last year whilst finishing my Level II AFL course, I was given the honour of coaching a Brisbane north AFL team for the state championships.  At training, the 'Top Dog' (great coach too) would say, "You know what your 'go' is Gunny?  Congestion!!!  The boys have got to get better at getting the ball out of congestion...".  No worries here!!!

There were lots of coaches and then I realised why!  "Gunny because you're from a rugby league background, you are going to be our 'defence' coach ok?"  I laughed inwardly thinking about just HOW different the two codes' defensive pressures were, but, sure... I could teach a few things about 'contact'...

Then!!!  "Here are your defenders mate.  Away you go and work with them..."

"Ok...???"  Aren't we all defenders and attackers (midfielders in particular)? I thought to myself.

Before games, the 'line' coach takes their group for a special talk.  Against Papua New Guinea (PNG), I noticed in the 'pre-match' section, they were playing 'backyard' type games for an hour and a quarter, whilst our boys got read, massaged or 'strapped'.  Thus, for the PNG game, I took my men to the fence and asked a simple question: "Do you see any strapping on those blokes?"  No...  "Be ready!!!"  And, ready they were!

During the game, to me it seemed that all the midfield 'line' wanted to do was attack!  My 'line' got plenty of practice defending and were doing their job.  Thus, when it was time (quarters and halfs for me to work with the boys on their own as a group before the final 'talk' by the head coach), I'd just say, "What do you reckon I'm going to say?"  That we're doing our job???  "Absolutely!!!  Thus, talk amongst yourselves now men about who you're marking and what they do, and, if somebody is better defending them..."

Now, come forward to this this year (2018), where I've also had the opportunity of coaching wonderful, experienced PE teachers and coaches in the state league, men (QAFL) and women's (QWAFL) competition.  One great learner (a Head Coach) just said, "Gunny, can you just watch what the coaches say and let me know your thoughts?"

Absolutely!  "Well, what happened mate, is that the 'lines' of players were together talking and problem solving about particular opponents.  Importantly, the senior men were really showing great leadership!  But... Then, the 'line coaches' arrived, and, all they talked about was what they saw and everybody shut up and listened.  Mate, wouldn't it be better if we let the players' perspectives have a bigger 'say'?"

But now, back to where all of this comes from... The 'black and white' days!!!

Powers (1978) observes Barassi's coaching: "Each group of thirty players divided into fifteen to an end, 30 metres apart.  Practice began with one player from each end sprinting towards the other, one carrying the ball while the other yelled for a handpass... After dispatching the ball the players went to the end of the waiting que until their next turn to sprint and receive a pass..." (p. 50).

Of course, Ron Barassi in the book had many, many tricks to get them a medal.  But... This, in my opinion, ain't one of them...

AND, with 'Kick to Kick' and 'Lanework' culture, it's still happening now.  BUT... There is hope: ME!!!  Plus, many others like Shane Pill, Dave Reynolds, Greg Forrest, Mark Upton and others!  In fact go to any university PE department!!!

Yet it will require cultural change...

By the way, did I ever tell you how I can't do a Level III because I'm not High Performance???

Yours in learning,

Gunny

PD at the PUB with Kelvin Giles

Dear Brisbane friends,

Date Claimer PD at the PUB with KELVIN GILES

PUTTING THE ‘KID’ BACK INTO KID’S SPORT - Thursday September 13, 6pm-7:30pm, Sandgate Queensland

Why aren't we treating kids' sport as though their lives depend on it?

Legendary international coach @Kelvin Giles, Gert-Jan Pepping and I team-up on improving the quality of experience for children & youth in sports.

PUB - Mr Henderson’s Sandgate, Brighton Rd

KG's wisdom:
Passion for youth sport
Long-term athletic development
"War stories” from his time with some of Australian sport’s biggest names

Kelvin Giles gold:

“Australia has only about 300,000 nine-year-olds. The nation can't afford to lose any.”

“Once we know how people learn things - that should be the way we coach them.”

Experience:
Head Coach of both English and Australian Track and Field teams
Director of Performance at the Brisbane Broncos
Director of Strength and Conditioning at the QAS
Head of Australian Rugby Union’s Elite Player Development.

For whom:
Coaches
PE teachers
Trainers
Parents
Learners

Plus, Dr Gert-Jan Pepping, Deputy Head of Exercise Science at Australian Catholic University, Brisbane - known educator & researcher in youth sport development space & successful coach

Cost $20 (includes large drink and nibbles)
All money raised will be donated to 'Heart of Australia'

RSVP & sponsorship inquiry:
Craig 0431311070; Email: coachgunny@craiggunn.org
#education #learning #coaching #engagement

The Game Sense Approach - Where to now Australian Sports Commission... I mean (sorry) Sport Australia???

Uploaded by Coach Gunny Grassroots Consulting on 2018-06-03.

The recent rebranding of the Australian Sports Commission (ASC) to Sport Australia has got me thinking about the complexities of 'grassroots' sports in this country...

Last year I was given the honour - although an ultimately unworkable one - to be the 'Game Sense' coach (no proper references but look up Rod Thorpe, ASC, Ric Charlesworth or any recent Australian coaching manuals), at my local junior Australian football club (AFL). Although in reality I was probably pushing a 'Constraints led Approach' (Keith Davids and friends), mixed with small sided games (chat to any PE teacher), it was indeed a huge eye-opener around the challenges of any alternative pedagogy (the art and the science of teaching) to assist unique learners.

To add more context, the previous year (2016), I was coached by the wonderfully giving South Australian academic, Shane Pill (Flinders University) to design an intervention where I could assist local AFL coaches through mentoring around the Game Sense Approach (GSA). It was here that I discovered that there were many pedagogical issues of even more experienced volunteer coaches. In fact, despite AFL coach development measures that sometimes even I was involved in, coaches were studied defaulted wide-scale acceptance of the use of closed drills through activities like the AFL's S.P.I.R approach (AFL coaching manuals including 2017). In AFL culture, the common drills are called names like 'Kick to Kick, and 'Lane-Work' and are undertaken for the majority of the session before the final 'scratch match' at the end. (Google 2017 ACHPER International Conference Proceedings to find the study or join 'Grassroots Coaching and Consulting' Facebook group and find the original in 'files' section, or, look up many papers by AFL inspired academics like Pill).

Having taught PE at school and university, as well as lecturing in sports coaching, I knew that this had been the case in PE teaching for eternity it would seem so it's no surprise that the pedagogical cousins in sports coaching laboured over closed drills as well despite all the previous development and education (Moy, Edwards or Sue-See in Queensland). Also Mitch Hewitt pointed out that tennis coaches (professionals) do the same but in my experience in teaching and lecturing most PE teachers and Tennis coaches at least enable more balls between participants in their closed drills, whilst sports like AFL use columned line-ups in the majority and multi-balls sparingly, as a way of keeping athletes 'in line'...

For a solution, I consulted my favourite PE pragmatist and academic, America's Judith Rink. Focussing on small sided games, Rink reminded me of two very important points:

1) For Rink, like in some of my YouTube videos (above is an example but feel free to go to YouTube from my website routines are essential. For example, so foreign are my academically, and, 'teaching 101' supported methods to my AFL peers that my craft is noted as: "Gunny Madness", "Ugly Footy", or, "Gunny Chaos"... Which they are anything but!

2) Rink's wisdom also forced me to abandon any thoughts of changing mentees' coaching methods to something like GSA altogether. Instead I favoured Rink's four stages (1993) ideas, that basically focused on making 'drills' messier before a modified game. Wow! With this I felt, I and mentees were making progress on player learning. (See above options mentioned to gain access to stages)

Let me give you an example. I presented at the obligatory coaches' 'in-service' - where three years before only five turned up - but this time there was much excitement. In fact, I was contacted a few days later by a coach (U/8) who I considered the best in the club. Enthusiastically, he asked if I could come along and watch his GSA session. So I did!

Now, I arrived early as always and I was told that he would do four GSA Australian football activities. Of course, due to past experiences, I was a 'tad' sceptical that he could pull this off. However, as he was from New Zealand and a different sporting background, I figured he might be a chance of success having not been beaten down with closed Australian football drills.

He started with aplomb had the kids eating out of the palm of his hand. They absolutely loved him and his planning was well above the nine previous Gunn and Pill participants I worked with. Thus I thought, Let's see how long it lasts! Second game of four... Absolute uncontrollable mayhem that was getting out of hand. He turned to me for help... I blew a whistle long and hard and got down on one knee without looking up for a few seconds and made some open armed 'calm-down' type hand gestures. By the time I did look up most of the kids mirrored my actions and the great coach helped the others to do the same.

From here, I helped him with the rest of the planned games but this awesomely reflective coach's biggest insight was, "That was amazing Gunny!" What? "When you hopped down on one knee everyone else did too..."

Now, despite having done all of this for many, many years in differeing contexts over many sports, I can tell you all that it takes me at least 45 minutes to get youth and adult players used to the routine and tempo of an ecological approach like GSA. Now for 8 year olds, I start with 'Tiggy' and ramp it up slowly and it probaly takes an hour and a half.

As such, with, Sport Australia and most of our National Sporting Organisations in full knowledge that youth sport numbers are falling like 'Drop Bears' from a gum tree, when are we going to get back to teaching coaches how to teach??? Don't worry by the way, about the kids under the previous coach's care mentioned above. They loved him and him they!!! He provided a safe, warm environment of trust just like Maslow would have approved of. And, I reckon he could do closed drills and the kids would come back happy each year.

But... For the rest of coaches in Australia...??? Over to you well paid stakeholders... But I'd say we are in deep trouble...

Meanwhile, I'll keep to my bit at the 'grassroots' in coach and parent development. For example, September, 13, 2018, Mr. Henderson's, Sandgate, Queensland (6-8pm) sees the doyen Kelving Giles, plus head of ACU Brisbane Exercise Science Gert-Jan Pepping with me trying to 'brainstorm' on LOVE in sports coaching all for $20 which includes drink and nibbles. Would be nice to see some of the 'elite' there...

But in the end, the ASC to Sport Australia, or AFL going online with 'CoachAFL' rather than manuals has me scratching my head saying: Same old s$&t… Just a different name!

Bit just like (and nothing against AFL as it's probably most sports) a few weeks ago when I was told by 'top brass' that I couldn't do a Level III course because I wasn't from 'High Performance'... Well: firstly, that's insulting to kids at the bottom who need the best coaches! Secondly, I find it bizzare that my experience or coaching 'rep' youth boys, state girls and senior men and women at state league level, plus coaching their coaches, wouldn't be considered worthy!

Some reasonable issues I'd suggest that need more than wording changes to affect declining participant numbers? But I've made this point before in an earlier article: Do the main sports want viewers or players???

Invite me to your organisation or session if you'd like me to share my answer...

Yours in learning,

Gunny

www.coachgunny@craiggunn.org

Photo of girls playing: owned by Gunny but taken by 'Kwickpix'

Vist www.craiggunn.org for more!